Effectiveness of Radiation Protection in Detection of Exposures among Healthcare Workers in Level 4 and 5 Hospitals in Nyeri County, Kenya

Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness of radiation protection in detecting exposure among healthcare workers in Level 4 and 5 hospitals in Nyeri County, Kenya. Given the widespread use of radioactive equipment in hospitals, many healthcare workers may lack sufficient knowledge and protective tools to mitigate radiation risks. The study aimed to determine radiation exposure levels, assess staff awareness, and evaluate the protective measures employed within these facilities. A cross-sectional study design was adopted, targeting a population of 1,121 healthcare workers, with a sample size of 294. Radiation exposure was monitored using dosimeter read-outs over a one-month period. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and a checklist, yielding both quantitative and qualitative insights. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented narratively, while quantitative data were processed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics included frequency distributions, percentages, and standard deviations, while inferential analysis was conducted using chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level (significance level of 0.05). Findings indicated that radiation exposure in radiology departments was below 2 mSv annually. However, approximately half of the staff had not received training on radiation hazards, and fewer than half were aware of the maximum permissible dose for adults. Awareness of vulnerable organs—such as the eyes, thyroid, ovaries, and testis—was also limited. Despite these gaps, the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle was being applied in radiation control practices. A significant observation was elevated radiation levels behind the orthopantomogram lead glass, attributed to its close proximity to the imaging tube. Increasing the distance to at least 2 meters was recommended. The study advocates for regular, comprehensive training programs, proper handling of lead aprons, and consistent use of personal protective equipment including lead aprons, glasses, thyroid shields, portable shields, and automatic interlock devices.